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International Franchising, A Slice of the American Pie

Jerry Wilkerson's picture

International branded franchising connects the past and present with the future. It is a balancing act between the franchisor’s self-interest and what is best for the system, the franchisees, and the brand.  Superior international franchise development executives know this and practice harmonizing the entities.

Franchising, the global empire builder, gives currency to successful expansion.  As internationally known franchise systems go about the business of empires, they require management that is highly attentive to what is accomplished in the franchise development divisions. Top producers are constantly in a look up, look down mode, as though their very jobs depend on the success of all others in the chain, and, in fact, they do. The business of international franchising is incapable of producing small and inexpensive mistakes.  Consequently, significant missteps find their way to page one in the business section, a circumstance sure to cause vexing situations at the board level and within investment quarters. 

Empire is about domination. Domination of the market is the target, and international franchise managers know they must possess the discipline, foresight, and visceral instincts to make the dangerous decisions that either hit their mark or miss the objective.  Pursuing market domination is a singularly riveting job with the ultimate responsibilities heaped squarely on the backs of these empire builders.  Succeed or perish.  Many, however, can move on to another burgeoning system, grateful for their existence thanks to the ever-expanding international franchising dynamics.

Global markets are vital in ’09 franchising

Today, franchisors are reshaping their management leadership internationally as they struggle to turn sales around. Mature global brands are wresting command from established operations managers of entire countries because these executives are out of step with corporate financial realities. Flagging store revenues will call forth resignation letters in months to come as franchisors prepare for positive economic change on a worldwide scale. 

Who will be replacing these decision makers and what will they need to know?  Consider this pair of axioms:  “When there is failure, someone must pay the price,” and “failure produces some of our best lessons in business.”

In international franchise development, experience is the exclusive predictor, and franchisors flex their wallets more broadly on this line item than on any other in the budget.   

When the job description demands international experience, the labor pool becomes shallow and relatively small.  These elite executives are treated like gifted racehorses, and some mirror the same obduracy reflected in the exceedingly costly expenditure of doing business abroad.  Then again, they are the light and the way to the future.

International managers are risk takers

Anticipating the marketplace, often seen from a feisty, unstable perch is the urgent, essential task of international executives.  Knowing when and where to expand is as important as understanding how to build improved sales numbers through product and service franchising operations.  Growth in unit numbers is not the only battle being waged.  Brand market share is king, and nobody wants to go halves.          

When international development officers speak, everybody listens and contemplates the possibilities.  Mark Siebert, CEO of the iFranchise Group states, “International managers do not fall victim to the ready-aim-aim-aim-aim syndrome.  These captains of commerce make the decisions to fire.”  According to Siebert, “The international people are the true risk takers today in the business of franchising.  They know how to cope with a mercurial international marketplace fraught with economic jeopardy, and business peril.”

While taking risks, we do not always arrive where we had planned.  Siebert noted, “These influential franchising coaches of export trade know that no business opportunity is ever lost.  If they fumble, the competition will find the prize and score on their business blunder.”  Siebert indicates that alert, shrewd franchisors reap the rewards that a stagnant, risk adverse national brand will never recognize or experience.  “This bottom line enhancement from international growth,” Siebert affirms, “is the life blood for many franchisors today, and will be the distinct source of substantial revenue extension in the future.”

Obviously, hiring the right international manager will set the brand off on the correct footing.  Experienced representatives enable the system to get into step faster and to make fewer pricey mistakes.  So how does one locate and hire these colossal, atypical characters from within the franchise community?  There are a few based in the UK and the EC, a handful along the Pacific Rim, and a considerable assemblage within the International Franchise Association’s International Franchising Committee in the U.S.  Tread lightly, for franchisors are disrespectfully protective of these individuals and may let one rip across a competitor’s bow priot to ramming him to protect their prodigy. 

In today’s franchising, leadership capital is a commodity, and franchisors are investing in people, just as in certificates of deposit, precious metal, and stocks.  The incentives are lofty, and the investment return can be extraordinary.  International franchise development and senior operations managers are truly a form of capital formation for progressive franchisors as they grow their brands in a hyperkinetic, volatile world marketplace.

Success Is The Pursuit of New and Improved Products Internationally

The secret of international franchising success is in the constancy of franchisors in their pursuit of new and improved products and services along with rock-hard brand identity enrichment from which their franchisees experience consistent bottom-line improvements.  Success dictates the need for special human capital formation within the system; therefore, franchisors must make a considerable investment deposit on international franchising representatives. 

The vast majority of global franchise officers have wondrous vision, dauntless drive, searing intellect, fearless spirit, profound character, and a well-honed, furiously competitive instinct.  They resonate with energy, passion, and a staunch will to succeed.  These are the builders and chief multipliers for the future of franchising. 

Big salaries, bonuses, and appealing stock options are not always what lands and maintains commanding management within the group.  What keeps these prized employees loyal today and attracts others to the brand is the enticement of working with winning teams and the ability to see the potential for growth and development across the planet. People want to be a part of something that is transforming their industry, the very realm of their business cosmos.  They want to change the world, make a difference. 

After more than three decades in the business of franchising, I have observed a common thread that weaves itself through the tapestry of the constant ebb and flow of international franchise enterprise.  It is the insatiable desire to be successful.  Success eludes those who rely on others; achievement comes to those who trust themselves.  These are people who have the courage to blaze new trails with confidence and take control of their corporate future.  They have faith in themselves and a generous willingness to share worldwide their successful concepts.  The same is true with many franchisee investors who are breaking new ground.

Ethical leadership believes that success is not gained at the expense of our neighbors, but rather that prosperity adds to the richness of the whole world.  It has been said, “The parasitical belief in prosperity as coming by the sacrifices of others has no place in the mind that thinks true.  ‘My benefit is your benefit, your success is my success,’ should be the basis of all our wealth.”  Here is a franchise proclamation that embraces and fosters a global economic effort.         

The first 45 years of franchising gave us the blueprint for the future in international expansion.  Today, we can provide the commentary in many languages and cultures.  We merely need to be tough enough and smart enough to follow through.  The greatest undeveloped territory in the world lies under our hats, and we are only at the beginning of the exploration of the vast untapped resources of creativity in international franchising.

If the art of franchising is to teach how to live a better life, franchising international supervisors need to get their passports in order and pack their bags. The flight to Timbuktu, with connecting flights to the foremost world markets, is now boarding.   

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Jerry Wilkerson is a former president and executive director of the International Franchise Association in Washington, D.C. and founder of Franchise Recruiters Ltd., an international franchise management executive search corporation with offices in Chicago and Toronto.  He recently completed his 31st year in the business of franchising. Call: 708.757.5595, email me at franchise@att.net, and visit my website

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Re: International Franchising, A Slice of the American Pie by Andre Sammartino
International franchising should never be treating as a mere sideline or afterthought. It must be treated with sufficient care, as it has significantly greater risks, springing from country-level differences in business practices, legal regimes, cultural norms and consumer preferences, as well as the tyrannies of physical distance. Of course, the upside possibilities are huge too (there are always more more mouths/wallets offshore than at home). Franchisors must choose any master franchisees wisely, and do a lot of their own research. Check out my blog for a couple of posts discussing the experience of a prominent Australian firm that have expanded to a range of countries through franchising: http://internationalbs.wordpress.com/2009/01/26/a-boost-juice-follow-up/ http://internationalbs.wordpress.com/2009/01/23/a-juicy-tale-of-international-expansion/
Nice sentiment, but not applicable to franchise facts of life by Nick Bibby
Nick Bibby's picture
"The parasitical belief in prosperity as coming by the sacrifices of others has no place in the mind that thinks true..." would have Annie Rix Militz flipping in her grave if she knew her quotes were being applied to franchising. We can philosophize all we want about potential fairness or goodness in this industry, but the franchise 'love boat' sailed long, long ago - at least in my opinion. While there are great franchisors that do it right, most look at international licensing as one thing - an upfront fee. Nick Bibby is an international franchise consultant and a program developer dedicated to excellence in entrepreneurship. 

Nick Bibby founded BibbyGroup.com, an organization dedicated to franchise and entrepreneurial excellence.
 
International Franchise Talent by Don Sniegowski
Don Sniegowski's picture

"While there are great franchisors that do it right, most look at international licensing as one thing - an upfront fee." - Bibby

Part of the problem in international franchising is how opportunistic the sales process is. Many franchisors, large and small, let international buyers come to them with the master franchise fee rather than develop a strategy on what makes sense for limited franchisor resources.

Want proof?

Ask a franchisor association or most franchisor CEOs what three countries besides the U.S. have the greatest number of franchisees — a proven market conducive to franchising — and they will not be able to answer.

The biggest markets, other than the U.S., are typically not important to their plans.

What is wanted is the $350k that an Indonesian company is willing to fork out for an international master franchise license  — now.

There's another problem. The world's largest franchise market bar none, the United States and sometimes Canada thrown in like a 51st state, keeps franchisors preoccupied. Franchisors often become strongly interested in international markets when domestic markets start giving them trouble. Remember when Krispy Kreme had a series of international master franchise sales in Hong Kong and other countries? That happened right when they were in serious financial difficulty at home. I don't think that is a coincidence.

Peru, Croatia, Saudi Arabia? No problem. Make sure you wire the money.

With such an approach, what is needed is a glib tongue, a nice presentation, and the oozing of confidence to the master franchise that they will be supported with American precision for their money. (In some countries, that thought doesn't work so well.)

Integration is a problem. International business is a mystery to many CEOs. It is their Achilles heel, a confusing foreign world where their confidence in their instincts so finely honed in the States can be a disadvantage abroad. So they either have to dole out an especially high level of trust to those who lead international efforts or they hire someone out of school who enjoys travel and may speak a language. For the latter group, domestic leaders can give the international manager their marching orders.

But for those who hire the right people, have the right strategy, engage in the right organizational alignment and have a penchant for learning, watch out! Their competitors are at a huge disadvantage.

There are significantly more units, profits and sustainable growth abroad than our highest peaks of yesteryear. Knowing that may be some of the reason why senior international franchise executives are a friendly but a vexed lot. They quietly behind the scenes express frustration because they know the tremendous long-term, sustainable international opportunities out there for systems that can get past their North American customary way of doing business. Unfortunately, they are constrained, not so much by money, but by organizational blinders. Or as Mr. Wilkerson declares, "The greatest undeveloped territory in the world lies under our hats."

Franchising World Wide by Guest
Would the world be a better place without franchising?
Would the world be better without acting agents? by Guest
No. It would be a poorer and worse place without the tool of franchising. You might as well ask, would the world be a better place without licensing? Without contracts? Without property rights? Without branding? No. Even if you wanted to roll back these concepts a few millenia to pretend that they never existed, these are not practical questions in our modern society. They exist. The reason they are out there in such quantities is that they have proven to be highly useful tools. It's like asking, would the world be better off without airlines?
Heroin & Cigarettes: More rah-rah logic by Paul Steinberg
Paul Steinberg's picture

Quote: Even if you wanted to roll back these concepts a few millenia to pretend that they never existed, these are not practical questions in our modern society. They exist. The reason they are out there in such quantities is that they have proven to be highly useful tools.

Would the world be a better place without good Afghani heroin and carcinogenic cigarettes?

No. The reason heroin and cigarettes are out there in such quantites is that they have proven to be highly useful tools.

Please, Anonymous Guest: can you at least make a semi-logical argument?

And BTW: Licensing and branding don't go back "millenia" and property law and the law of contract are vastly different today than even a century ago. Contract law (more accurately, the law merchant a/k/a lex mercatoria) barely existed a millenia ago, and property law basically left everything in the control of the sovereign. Your legal history is as flawed as your logic.

Paul Steinberg
Franchisee Attorney, New York City, Ph: 212-529-5400


Paul Steinberg, Franchisee Attorney, New York City, Ph: 212-529-5400
How old are licensing and branding? by Don Sniegowski
Don Sniegowski's picture
Licensing and branding don't go back "millenia"- Steinberg

Paul is speaking of common and civil law -- i.e. European law. Those are areas I know little about so I leave it to his expertise.

My interests and background lies farther east.

In Lloyd Tarbutton's Franchising - The How To Book,  there is an example of Chinese licensing and branding of retail outlets for royalties during the Warring States period (戰國時代). My understanding is that certain tea houses had become very famous throughout a very large country. These names were licensed to others outside the capital to use the brand if they followed a specific business format and paid royalties. If that is the case, it means the Chinese were franchising and branding nearly two and a half millenia ago. 

I have no idea if the concept of franchising was invented independently in Europe or if the concept was transmitted to the West from outside. But I will say that it has always amazed me how the West could receive the original idea through the Moors, Chinese, Indians and others — e.g. zero, algebra, the scientific method, Copernicus' model that the earth rotates around the sun, etc. — only to say that Europeans invented it.

Contracts go back a long way. Googling shows an early Sumerian agreement for the sale of real estate, circa 2000 B.C for four shekels. Maybe our legal scholars might chime in if there are any Sumerian legal concepts that can be traced to today's contract.

China and India have had distinct legal developments from antiquity.

China had a confucian scholar system that trained judges, lawyers and maintained robust courts and laws throughout the Middle Kingdom. For those born in the rice fields of poverty, study was a way out and into a scholar system of comfort, where they would pour over laws and cases. Those laws applied to its citizens whether they lived in Xi'an or Yue to the extreme south. That deep body of legal code fell in China with its last dynasty - the Ching dynasty in 1911.

I'm curious if any of the ancient legal traditions in India, such as the marvelously organized Mughal Empire, survived the British colonial period. Probably not.

Wilkerson wrote: Empire is by Paul Steinberg
Paul Steinberg's picture

Wilkerson wrote: Empire is about domination. Domination of the market is the target, and international franchise managers know they must possess the discipline, foresight, and visceral instincts to make the dangerous decisions that either hit their mark or miss the objective.  Pursuing market domination is a singularly riveting job with the ultimate responsibilities heaped squarely on the backs of these empire builders.  Succeed or perish.

Correct analysis, wrong question.

Ask the folks at Citigroup or Bank of America.

If "empire" is your goal, "domination" is indeed the target; and many franchisors do have a Napoleon complex.

If "profitability" is your goal... well, that's another story.

This is a distinction of singular importance in the franchise industry, where zors make their money off the gross, but zees make their money off the net.

Franchisor "empire builders" should worry less about "empire" and more about unit profitability.

As to the "ultimate responsibility" being "heaped squarely on the backs of these empire builders"-- well, try telling that to the people who will get their home foreclosed on unless they pay back the SBA loan...

Having your kids thrown out on the street by the Marshal is "ultimate responsibility."

Paul Steinberg
Franchisee Attorney, New York City, Ph: 212-529-5400


Paul Steinberg, Franchisee Attorney, New York City, Ph: 212-529-5400
Credit due by Guest
Good comment on who is building the franchise empire - the franchisor or its franchisees? Was it Rome's Caesers that built the Empire or its citizens? Let's give credit to the centurion who fought the wars that they were directed to fight. Let's give credit to its citizens who got the government they supported and deserved. And let's give credit to its merchants who brilliantly funded an Empire. Likewise, let's give empire building credit to the master franchises who took the risk in their territory. And to their franchisees who built a retail business. And yet with all the contributions of these wonderful players, Julius Caeser shaped the world, didn't he?
All religions are franchises. by RichardSolomon
RichardSolomon's picture
Each has its own brand monopoly. Each licenses/permits affiliation based upon rules/contract terms and money. Each has termination provisions similar to what you find in any franchise agreement. Each has its own court/dispute resolution system. Each claims to have the only truth and that all others are BS. Think of it as Mel Brooks would and it all becomes perfectly clear. In his movie "The 2000 Year Old Man", the lead character is asked about what in his world corresponded to what we have in ours. On the subject of a national anthym he insisted that he had one way back then. Asked to sing it, he sang "Let everybody go to hell, except cave 76". Mel Brooks understands everything better than anyone else, except maybe George Carlin.

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Richard Solomon, FranchiseRemedies.com,  has over 45 years experience with franchise litigation and crisis management. He is a graduate of The Citadel and The University of Michigan Law School


Richard Solomon, FranchiseRemedies.com,  has over 45 years experience with franchise litigation and crisis management. He is a graduate of The Citadel and The University of Michigan Law School
Re: All religions are franchises. by Guest
In your case ignorance is not a virtue.
Organized religion as "franchise": History by Paul Steinberg
Paul Steinberg's picture

This bit is usually fleshed out as the Roman Catholic Church being the first "franchise."

I have never thought it was a good analogy, let alone an accurate one. Nor do I see how it helps us to understand franchising, although it does make for some franchise-related comedy .

But while I suspect I would agree with the "Guest" response to Solomon, I would point out that Solomon is simply saying what industry lobbyists, attorneys, and academics have been saying for 40 years.

Now Don Sniegowski is taking us back to ancient China and talking about tea leaf plantations franchising.

How is any of this relevant to modern day franchising? Beats me.

Paul Steinberg
Franchisee Attorney, New York City, Ph: 212-529-5400


Paul Steinberg, Franchisee Attorney, New York City, Ph: 212-529-5400
Tea Houses, not Plantations by Don Sniegowski
Don Sniegowski's picture
Shanghai Tea House by mainblanche
"Don Sniegowski is taking us back to ancient China and talking about tea leaf plantations franchising." - Steinberg

That's not quite right. I said tea houses, not tea leaf plantations. When you think of tea shops, think of a genteel version of Coffee Beanery, but 2500 years ago in China. With tea shops franchised from Xian's version of Detroit down to Guangdong's version of Miami. They use the same brand name. The same business format. Different owners.

Does that seem modern enough?

I'm not sure what happened when shop owners skipped paying royalties, but it wouldn't be good. Maybe there was a visit to collect by Kung Fu master and franchise field rep Zhang ZiYi (the name of the actress in the video below who is visiting a tea house in the boonies, surrounded by rednecks with tacky, Billy Bob sounding names).

Ancient lesson for modern franchise owners: Treat your field rep nicely.

Jerry Wilkerson you by Ray Borradale
Ray Borradale's picture

should have advised Midas International of this many years ago - but it is not too late for them to fix some apparently 'insignificant' Australian distractions and damage to their reputation now.

Midas International jumped into many countries and then jumped right out leaving damage to the home brand but also damaging the reputation of franchising where those left to clean up the mess suffered substantial loss.  Feldman continues to avoid contact with virtually everyone that Midas screwed.

And by the way Jerry; only one small section of franchising in Australia invited IFA to stick its nose into Australian franchising in the recent Federal Inquiry - the vast majority suggest they stick it somewhere else.  The Committee ignored similar crap and a self-proclaimed IFA has no importance, or valued voice, in this country.  I'm happy for you that you realised that IFA has gone astray.  Your input in franchising will have far greater meaning.

Apart from all that; this is a good article for the most part.  But wouldn't it be nice if the theory and rhetoric had a consistent relationship with the reality.

The more things change; the more they stay the same.