Things Are Seldom What They Seem, Skim Milk Masquerades as Cream

If you watched only the commercials of the large oil companies, you would think that they are in the “save the planet” business. Similarly, the large hotel franchise companies appear to be in the fair franchising business, but they fail even the modest Asian American Hotel Owners 12 Points of Fair Franchising.

Today’s franchise agreements are still one-sided and unfair and heavily skewed in favor of the franchise company.  Despite the minor movement toward fairness during the recent economic crisis, most hotel franchisors still have the  arbitrary power to:

  • Grant new franchises (same or sister brands) anywhere with no territorial protection for existing franchisees
  • Impose higher fees
  • Create new physical and design requirements
  • Mandate sole source procurement
  • Impose exhorbitant liquidated damages in the event of termination
  • Control the selection of members (and agenda) of the franchise advisory council
  • Sell market data including the names, address and preferences of millions of hotel guests.
  • Change rules regarding training, technology upgrades, frequency programs, guests discounts, required franchise services, quality standards
  • Require personal guarantees from owners
  • Restrict a franchise owner’s freedom to sell his property

What can be done? Franchisees can level the playing field only by forming independent franchise owners associations.


About the author: Stanley Turkel, MHS, ISHC operates his hotel consulting office as a sole practitioner specializing in franchising issues, asset management and litigation support services. Turkel’s clients are hotel owners and franchisees, investors and lending institutions. Turkel serves on the Board of Advisors and lectures at the NYU Tisch Center for Hospitality, Tourism and Sports Management. My new book is available at reduced rates. Vist GreatAmericanHoteliers.com.

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Comments

The contracts should not change. Relationship management

could stand some work - on both sides of the table.

Franchise contracts are configured to deal with worst case scenarios. If you were a franchisor you would want at least the same level of protection. On the other hand, one does not always have to do everything that the law allows. Therein lies the art of relationship management - which is not being handled well by either side of this relationship.

A fresh look at relationship management, with a view to rational moderation and better intelligence, could be a real game changer. However, if no one is willing to consider anything other than "I get to have my way whenever I like, without regard to consequences" on the franchisor side - and "You are totally evil" on the franchisee side, not much is going to improve.

There is better information and better information management available to everyone, which would enhance comprehension of realities. There is much better pre-implementation due diligence available on major decisions, but no one seems interested in using it.

Territorial protection is not as important as franchisees make it sound in their whining. Consider that if other brands place units in your territory within your segment of the business, the impact will be similar. If that is so - and it is - then encroachment by the same brand is probably not as injurious as the franchisees pretend it is.

And this is only one of many illustrations of what I am talking about here.

Don't Buy a Draconia Franchise

Those franchises from Draconia are bad news.

From Draconia

I once dated a Draconista.  It wasn't boring.

From Draconia

I once dated a Draconista.  It wasn't boring.

Draconian franchise agreements

While I agree that some heavy handed remedies are necessry to protect the integrity of the system for all investors (franchisors and franchisees alike) from cheaters, miscreants and corner cutters, market power will eventually destroy franchisors who abuse their franchisees.  Potential buyers just won't invest in these franchises.  I assume that's what Richard meant by "better information and better information management available to everyone, which would enhance comprehension of realities," translated from lawyer-speak.

I do disagree about encorachment protection. Some sort of reasonable protection is indeed importnant.  It's fine to say that a competitor could locate next door to you, but that's just not the same thing.  If you invest in the #1 brand in the market, you likely paid a premium to do so.  You did it on the assumption that the brand's market power will assist you in beating your competitors.  You have something that they don't: the brand name, the differentiated products and services, the national or regional marketing funds aimed at your competitor, well established methods of driving customers away from competitors and to your door, etc.

If the guy across the street is using your own tools against you, it's quite a different scenario.  He knows your numbers and is now competing against you with all of your own information.  If its a company store, its much worse because an independent franchisee at least has to pay the same franchise fees that you did (ignoring that this may not necessarily need to be the case) and might not want to invest that much to be across the street.

Draconian franchise agreements

While I agree that some heavy handed remedies are necessry to protect the integrity of the system for all investors (franchisors and franchisees alike) from cheaters, miscreants and corner cutters, market power will eventually destroy franchisors who abuse their franchisees.  Potential buyers just won't invest in these franchises.  I assume that's what Richard meant by "better information and better information management available to everyone, which would enhance comprehension of realities," translated from lawyer-speak.

I do disagree about encorachment protection. Some sort of reasonable protection is indeed importnant.  It's fine to say that a competitor could locate next door to you, but that's just not the same thing.  If you invest in the #1 brand in the market, you likely paid a premium to do so.  You did it on the assumption that the brand's market power will assist you in beating your competitors.  You have something that they don't: the brand name, the differentiated products and services, the national or regional marketing funds aimed at your competitor, well established methods of driving customers away from competitors and to your door, etc.

If the guy across the street is using your own tools against you, it's quite a different scenario.  He knows your numbers and is now competing against you with all of your own information.  If its a company store, its much worse because an independent franchisee at least has to pay the same franchise fees that you did (ignoring that this may not necessarily need to be the case) and might not want to invest that much to be across the street.

Draconian FAs

Barristerista clearly states:
"...market power will eventually destroy franchisors who abuse their franchisees."

We've seen this occur in many franchise systems such as Cold Stone, Quiznos and Dunkin' Donuts. Market power requires franchisees to speak up to educate prospective buyers and the franchisor. It is the strength of the brand that will determine whether or not the franchise system will ultimately survive or fail. Dunkin' Donuts has been able to get away with its draconian tactics due to the strength of the brand. As their franchisees retaliated against their tactics, they were able to create change in the FA and limit the ability of Dunkin' to repeat their prior abusive tactics in the future.

Well capitalized franchisees, who dominate and understand their markets, should be afforded encroachment protection. However, if they fail by allowing competitors to enter, then they should lose their territorial rights. If you don't use it, you should lose it.

Hoteliers invest significant capital in their properties and they should be protected from the different flags owned by the same multi-brand franchisors. I believe the FA should include some sort of first right of refusal to provide good operators with the new market opportunities.

Market power punishes bad franchisors

Jerry says" Dunkin' Donuts has been able to get away with its draconian tactics due to the strength of the brand."

I think that was true during the bad years but only to a limited extent. They seem to have sold franchise territories during the reigh of terror only to disengaged, equity players, most of whom failed miserably and are gone along with the old bad management that employed those tactics. Anyone remember the Developer of the Year, Kainos Partners?

They seem to have gotten the franchisees that they deserved, as Nigel Travis just said on TV a few weeks ago.

Now that they have abandoned the abuse of their franchise agreement and gone back to trying to have good relationships with their franchisees, they are sellign franchise territories to people who will be a success.

Re: Market power punishes bad franchisors

Dunkin Doer says:
"I think that was true during the bad years but only to a limited extent. They seem to have sold franchise territories during the reigh of terror only to disengaged, equity players, most of whom failed miserably and are gone along with the old bad management that employed those tactics. Anyone remember the Developer of the Year, Kainos Partners?"

Let me get this straight. The 350 legal cases Dunkin' Brands Inc filed to terminate their franchisees would be the limited extent you refer to? I recall seeing roughly 1200 different franchisee names in the latest FDD. Dunkin' engaged to a limited extent in terminating 29%-30% of the franchisee base.

Kainos Partners were not terminated franchisees. Rather, Dunkin' Brands, Inc had equity stakes in Kainos which they had taken immediately before Kainos' pre-planned bankruptcy in 2009. Dunkin' Brands, Inc made a killing on the deal.

Dunkin Doer says:
"Now that they have abandoned the abuse of their franchise agreement and gone back to trying to have good relationships with their franchisees, they are sellign franchise territories to people who will be a success."

I suppose Dunkin' Brands Inc needed to clean up the system with the 350 franchisees they failed to successfully select. Or, was it that DBI needed to flip the controlling franchisor entity from the "existing" DD Franchised Restaurants, LLC to the "new" DD Franchising, LLC in order to regain control of the system to recapitalize the securitization and eventually take the system public?

I find it hard to believe that 29%-30% of the franchisee base were cheaters, miscreants and corner cutters.

recognizing your mistakes & cutting your loses

Jerry says: "I suppose Dunkin' Brands Inc needed to clean up the system with the 350 franchisees they failed to successfully select."

Recognizing one's mistakes and cutting one's loses is good business.  Unlike so many Hurt Franchisees we see who keep plugging away month after month on a losing venture and don't quit until their savings, their home, their retirement and their credit are gone.

Franchisor Mistakes

Jerry says:
"I find it hard to believe that 29%-30% of the franchisee base were cheaters, miscreants and corner cutters."

Franchisors make plenty of mistakes; however, their mistakes are always profitable. Franchisees should always cut their losses in a bad franchise model. However, it seems as though Dunkin' was simply a bad property manager that decided to profit from their franchisee's profitable stores.

For almost 50 years I have practiced as a litigator - for

whoever wanted to hire me. The equities of any dispute have never interested me. Only the victory mattered.

During this period, however, I have observed in almost every instance ways in which the disputants could have avoided the fight and the expense had they but used some good sense instead of being ego and contract rights driven. There is absolutely no difference between franchisees and franchisors in this reference. "I want what I want when I want it!" is a litigator's license to luxury. Angry mobs are the mercenaries' target market.

Now I am getting tired of the athletics of dispute resolution. I would like to use what I have learned in the struggles to show people how get to livability without bloodletting.

To be sure, none will "have his way". But all will prosper unless the business model has simply expired from one cause or another.

The notion that people should tear their hearts out until some market imposes market source discipline is, in my less than humble opinion, damn silly.

I suppose I shall have to  continue being a soldier in some campaign to "teach someone a lesson once and for all", but at my present age that does seem to get rather stupid - for everyone except me of course.

Dumb

‘The notion that people should tear their hearts out until some market imposes market source discipline is’ a very long wait.  And most get a little cranky when they eventually find out there time is up and long before anything changed.

Lousy due diligence before signing is one disaster in the making but not getting a thorough education and advice once a franchisee has signed into a rort leads to greater mistakes and a bigger disaster.  Feeling like an idiot is one thing but then proving it takes a whole lot of dumb.

Business Solutions

Richard writes: "Now I am getting tired of the athletics of dispute resolution. I would like to use what I have learned in the struggles to show people how get to livability without bloodletting."

What do you have in mind?

Funny you should ask that. About 12 years ago I received a

call from a dress designer and manufacturer in NYC who was being sued here in Texas under the Antitrust law (Sherman Act) for vertical price fixing and unlawful refusal to deal in pursuit of fighting Internet retailers who were price cutting. Every time some price cutter would set up a web site and offer discounts on his dresses, he would be inundated by threats to terminate their busness with him from those retailers who had brick and mortar stores and who had invested in the capital requirements for providing personal service. The Internet people were just selling the dresses at discounts and providing no service and having no investment in a store or its staff. The customers of the Internet discounters would go to the stores of the brick and mortar retailers and use them as a try on resource, then order the dress from the Internet discounter.

This was in the two year period just before the Leegin decision re vertical price fixing in luxury goods by the Supreme Court.

Anyway, this guy had been paying his NYC lawyers (who, it turned out, had never had an antitrust matter in their lives) $ 20,000 a month to try to learn about antitrust. Nothing was happening in his case.

He asked me what he should do, and what I would do if he switched lawyers and hired me. I asked him how much business he thought the plaintiff might represent as his customer, and he gave me a rather substantial figure. I told him that Internet retailing was here to stay and that all he could do was lay back and enjoy it, and that I would sell to the Internet discounter (as all his competitors would have to do soon anyway). I told him that the brick and mortar retailers were seeing everything they handled being sold on the Internet and couldn't quit buying from everybody.

He hired me and we got him out of the case in a week by agreeing to sell to the plaintiff. Life was beautiful thereafter, and he has been my client ever since, with frequent matters coming here rather than to his regular NYC lawyers. He has gone on line to say nice things about me on AVVO and elsewhere, and he pays his bill by return mail. I am now doing all his Middle East licensing deals and all his other designer deals, as well as all his dispute resolution work.

I tell this story because it is the event that started me on this road of using more common sense and less aggression in the promotion of my practice. I look at disputes in different ways than people who just have to appease angry would be clients. I used to touch on early resolutions, but I found that my wealthy clients were too angrry and unwilling to think of anythng but bloodletting. Like all litigators, I would not risk getting fired because I urged some easier resolution.

Then, as life moved on and I saw that I was absolutely right in what I wanted to do in almost every instance, I began to take more risk of being fired by angry clients who wanted blood to flow all over the streets. When I would explain - in my own way - the risk of losing/expenses profile of not going for early resolution - some of these pissed off people would actually consider it and not fire me. This started occuring more frequently. People started coming to me because others to whom I had sold this more rational apprpoach had referred them to me. I began raising my hourly rates to reflect that I was now more valuable because I knew how to get things accomplished sooner and better.

I work less and make more nowadays because people come to me for insight and closure much more often. That value is wonderful.

How I do that is to use my own techniques for analysing the constituent parts of disputes until I find what it is "really" about, and then I try to identify what they had that - had they used it effectively - could have avoided the fight in the first place. I found that there is just about always one or more things they could have done that they missed because they were agenda driven instead of reality driven.

Now I have my system down pretty pat, and it works marvelously for those who deside to make the investment in intelligent rather than in belligerunt resolution. The problem with it is still that tough people with a lot of money have to be told to put their ego back into their pocket.

RIchard's Way

In other words, "Show them the money."

Works every time--or it should, anyway.

RIchard's Way

In other words, "Show them the money."

Works every time--or it should, anyway.

Richard Solomon said : "The

Richard Solomon said :

"The notion that people should tear their hearts out until some market imposes market source discipline is, in my less than humble opinion, damn silly."

Silly and miserable for those involved it certainly is.  Unfortunately, it seems to be the only thing that works in the present moment.

Michael Webster and others actively advocate having franchise associations publicy  point out bad franchisrs who abuse their franchisees with unfair use of their franchise agreements.  It seems to work, though it is mighty hard to sell one of the franchises in that system if you are ready to retire from it. 

Not the best of all worlds on any score right now.

Richard Solomon said : "The

Richard Solomon said :

"The notion that people should tear their hearts out until some market imposes market source discipline is, in my less than humble opinion, damn silly."

Silly and miserable for those involved it certainly is.  Unfortunately, it seems to be the only thing that works in the present moment.

Michael Webster and others actively advocate having franchise associations publicy  point out bad franchisrs who abuse their franchisees with unfair use of their franchise agreements.  It seems to work, though it is mighty hard to sell one of the franchises in that system if you are ready to retire from it. 

Not the best of all worlds on any score right now.

'right now'? Always!

That argument does not just apply to those who are ready to retire. Anyone wanting to ‘get out’ is loath to criticise their brand.  Typically if they are to be allowed to exit the acceptance of an ‘appropriate’ buyer it will be conditional and/or usually involves taking a hit on what they expected would be a worthwhile resale price.

For most the moral question of climbing out of the pit on the back of another sucker [and family] is avoided.  It is another of franchising’s catch-22 situations. Damned and damned either way.

Abusive Termination

"Typically if they are to be allowed to exit the acceptance of an ‘appropriate’ buyer it will be conditional and/or usually involves taking a hit on what they expected would be a worthwhile resale price."

Excellent point!

We should also add abusive termination to Ray's point. When franchisors "want what they want when they want it" they will send the franchisee a notice of termination. Upon receipt of the franchisor's notice of termination, what the franchisee expected as a "worthwhile" resale value just went out the window regardless of the franchisor having terminated the FA with good cause or not.

When Dunkin' initiated their mass termination spree between 2007-2009, they allowed the franchisees to sell their stores by imposing significant penalties to reinstate the terminated FAs. The penalties where in the range of $300K-$500K plus the franchisees where responsible for Dunkin's legal fees ($100K) and transfer fees. The penalties were to be paid out of the closing proceeds.

To Ray's point, the franchisor controls the entire transfer process. Hence, you can only sell if you pay their price for the right to sell. How truly independent is that independent contractor?

Dunkin Has a Stronger Franchise System Today

Dunkin cleaned out the deadwood and now their system is stronger for it.

Hey Guest

Thanks for your input.

I agree Dunkin' is financially stronger today.

What is the deadwood you refer to? Smaller franchisee capital contributions that paved the way for the larger franchisees to take over?

Hey Jerry Kickapoo

Well the transactional circumstances certainly varied and many were by distressed sellers. So yes.

Hey Crackapoo

The larger franchisees did not get the benefit of the distressed sales. Rather, it was Dunkin' that benefited from the spread differentials and was able to put the gap between the smaller franchisee's sale proceeds and the larger franchisee's acquisition price in their pockets. Hence, Dunkin's financial strength improved.

Given the slew of stores that were being sold in the market, the overall value of the franchisee's equity diminished - both small and large. So yes, Dunkin' benefited tremendously.

Franchisee equity valuations were at it's peak immediately prior to Dunkin's exploitation spree. Those valuations will never be seen again because there are limited buyers for larger franchisee owned networks.

Why the CFA Bill of RIghts is needed

This is a great example. Franchisees had someone else harvest their equity after years of sweat and millions of dollars in investment.

The American Way? Not so much. Sounds more Sicilian.

Mastermind Bobby Rosenberg

Read about "Harvesting Equity" in Bobby Rosenberg's book Franchising: The Pathway To Wealth Creation. He continues to harvest the franchisee's diminishing wealth from his corner window at Bain Capital.

How independent is the independent contractor?

Jerry raises some excellent points, and highlights a dark spot in the history of the Dunkin Brands conveyor belt of management teams.

If they send a notice of termination (assuming the termination is valid and not contrived), the franchisee produces a qualified buyer that the system has approved elsewhere to operate, why should the franchisor muck this up with a short sighted money grab?  Badfor everyone in and around the process.

That just creates bitter ex-franchisees, closed units or ones run by people who no longer have their heart in it.  These days seem to be over with the giant flush heard back up in Boston over the last 2 years.  Is it still true?  Are the 350 lawsuits settled, dismissed, gone, lingering, multiplying, withering?

How independent is the independent contractor?

Jerry raises some excellent points, and highlights a dark spot in the history of the Dunkin Brands conveyor belt of management teams.

If they send a notice of termination (assuming the termination is valid and not contrived), the franchisee produces a qualified buyer that the system has approved elsewhere to operate, why should the franchisor muck this up with a short sighted money grab?  Badfor everyone in and around the process.

That just creates bitter ex-franchisees, closed units or ones run by people who no longer have their heart in it.  These days seem to be over with the giant flush heard back up in Boston over the last 2 years.  Is it still true?  Are the 350 lawsuits settled, dismissed, gone, lingering, multiplying, withering?

Why

why should the franchisor muck this up with a short sighted money grab?

One reason that comes to mind; such franchisors usually have some or an abundance of stores, company or newly acquired through terminations, that they want out of.  Give them a prospective buyer to assess and often you just lost a prospective buyer. 

Usually the franchisor does not have an investment to recoup. It can negotiate down, down, down.

Re: Why

"Usually the franchisor does not have an investment to recoup. It can negotiate down, down, down."

Ray - actually this can be viewed differently. When franchisors enforce terminations they do build an investment in legal fees. Generally, the legal fees to enforce their rights are paid out of the franchisee's marketing funds "to build and protect the brand". The interesting piece is the accounting game the franchisor plays when the legal fees are recouped. Instead of the marketing funds being returned, the franchisor's management team reinvests the monies as paid-in-capital into the franchisor entity. Especially, under the ownership of private equity. The reinvestment shows management's skin-in-the-game.